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1.
JDUHS-Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences. 2009; 3 (1): 1-3
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-93784
2.
Acta méd. peru ; 25(2): 96-112, abr.-jun. 2008. ilus, mapas, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-506778

ABSTRACT

El virus de la hepatitis B es un virus DNA altamente infeccioso cuyo estado de portador crónico conlleva a la cirrosis y el cáncer de hígado y esto se da en plazos mas cortos si está asociado al virus D como ocurre en el Perú. Nuestro país tiene en promedio una endemicidad intermedia, aunque hay áreas de alta, mediada y baja endemicidad; sin embargo la migración de personas entre estas áreas, está dispersando la infección. Debe destacarse en el pais la transmisión horizontal en niños de áreas endémicas y la baja transmisión vertical, lo que es una ventaja para proteger tempranamente con la vacuna. La vacuna disponible contra HBV es eficaz y segura, y siendo la vacunación una de las intervenciones más costo efectivas, se han desarrollado programas de vacunación piloto en el país, con un significativo impacto sobre la tasa de infección; por lo que amerita ampliar la población objetivo a inmunizar, como son los adolescentes y jóvenes y grupos de riesgo de manera que se acorten los periodos para eliminar la infección por HBV y por tanto sus secuelas crónicas. Hay avances en la prevención, pero aun queda que hacer con los portadores crónicos. Habiendo perspectivas terapéuticas tanto para los HBeAg positivos y HBeAg negativos, será pertinente plantear programas de tratamiento y de otro lado evaluar todas las intervenciones efectuadas. Estos son los temas que se incluyen en esta revisión.


Hepatitis B virus is a highly infectious DNA virus, and the chronic carrier status may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. These conditions may supervene in a short time period if there is coexistence of both hepatitis B and D viruses, as it usually occurs in Peru. Our country has an intermediate endemicity, although there are areas with high, medium and low endemicity; however, migration is spreading these infections. It is important to point out that there is horizontal transmission in children from endemic areas and a low level of vertical transmission, which is an advantage in order to achieve early protection using the hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine HBV is efficacious and safe, and vaccination is still one of the most cost-effective interventions. Pilot hepatitis B vaccination programs have been implemented in Peru, achieving a significant impact on the infection rates; so it is advisable to expand the target population, particularly teenagers and other risk groups, so that the time period to eliminate hepatitis B infection may be shortened, as well as its chronic sequels. There have been some advances in prevention, but we still have to take care of chronic carriers. Knowing that there are therapy strategies available for subjects positive and negative for HBeAg, it is advisable to propose therapy programs and to assess all interventions performed. These are the topics included in this review.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis D/epidemiology , Hepatitis D/prevention & control , Hepatitis D/transmission
3.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 24(4): 378-397, oct.-dic. 2007. mapas, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-559309

ABSTRACT

El Perú está catalogado como un país de mediana endemicidad para la infección por la hepatitis B (HBV), sin embargo, esta enfermedad se está dispersando en el país por la intensa migración de áreas de alta endemicidad a zonas de baja que endemicidad. Además de los mecanismos clásicos de transmisión de la infección como la vía parenteral y la vía sexual, debe destacarse la transmisión horizontal sobre todo en población infantil de áreas hiperendémicas y la limitada ocurrencia de transmisión vertical a diferencia de Asia. Desde que se cuenta con una vacuna segura y eficaz contra la HBV, se ha desarrollado programas de vacunación piloto en el país, luego de lo cual se ha generalizado la inmunización de la población infantil primero de áreas endémicas y luego a todo el país, según la prioridad y disponibilidad de vacunas. Dada la dispersión de la infección, y para lograr un efectivo control del problema en personas susceptibles, en un menor tiempo, es necesaria la inmunización contra HBV de adolescentes, jóvenes y grupos de riesgo, intervención que es una de las más costo-efectivas en salud pública, mereciendo en el mediano y largo plazo la evaluación de su real impacto. Estos temas son los que se desarrollan en la presente revisión.


Peru is catalogued as a middle-endemic country for hepatitis B infection (HVB), however, this disease is spreading in the country, by intense migration of highly endemic to low endemic areas. In addition to the classical mechanisms of transmission as the parenteral and sexually, it should be noted the horizontal transmission among children especially in hiperendemic areas and limited occurrence of vertical transmission. Since there is a safe and effective vaccine against HBV, the Peruvian Ministry of Health has developed a pilot vaccination programs in the country, after which has been widespread immunization to children first and then in endemic areas throughout the country, according the priority and availability of vaccines. Given the spread of infection, and to achieve an effective control of the problem in susceptible people, in less time is needed against HBV immunization of adolescents, young people and risk groups, that intervention is one of the most cost-effective public health, is needed in the medium and long term the evaluation of its real impact. These issues were development in this review.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis D/epidemiology , Hepatitis D/prevention & control , Hepatitis D/transmission , Peru
4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 37(supl.2): 9-13, 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-723314

ABSTRACT

Entre populações autóctones da América, estudos relatam altos índices de infecção e doença pelos vírus das hepatites B e D. Esta é uma revisão do que já foi descrito entre indígenas da Amazônia brasileira. Em alguns grupos a prevalência do AgHBs é muito baixa, enquanto que outros da mesma região, apresentam padrão de elevada endemicidade, presente inclusive entre menores de 10 anos. O VHD só foi encontrado entre etnias no estado do Amazonas. É descrito a importância da transmissão horizontal familiar, e do contato sexual entre adultos jovens. Fatores socioculturais, genéticos, ecológicos, e a formação histórica desses povos, são apontados como determinantes deste padrão. Entretanto, a origem do VHB e VHD na Amazônia é ainda obscura. Populações indígenas com sua memória genética são, na verdade, o experimento ao vivo, o que demanda investigação abrangente, avaliando a influência dos aspectos históricos, ecológicos, médicos e antropológicos envolvidos, utilizando inclusive técnicas modernas de biologia molecular.


Several studies describe very high prevalence rates of infection and disease of hepatitis B and D within Native American population. This is a review of what has been described among Amerindians of Brazilian Amazon. Some groups show low prevalence rates of HBsAg, whereas, others of the same region reveal high endemic pattern, even among individuals less then 10 years of age. HDV is only found in groups of Amazonas province. Transmission may occur by interfamilial dissemination or sexual contact among young adults. Socio-cultural, genetic, and ecological factors are described as determinants of this unique pattern. Nevertheless, the origin of these two viruses is yet to be disclosed. Amerindians population and their genetic memory are a live experiment, which demands a broad investigation, weighting with modern tools, as molecular biology, the influence of historical, genetic, medical and anthropological factors.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis D/epidemiology , Indians, South American , Biomarkers/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , Hepatitis Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis D/transmission , Hepatitis Delta Virus/immunology , Prevalence
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 35(2): 181-190, Mar.-Apr. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-327483

ABSTRACT

O vírus da hepatite D (VHD), também chamado de vírus delta, é um pequeno vírus contendo RNA circular. O VHD causa infecçäo, quando há coinfecçäo com o vírus da hepatite B (VHB) em indivíduos normais ou superinfecçäo em portadores crônicos do VHB. Três genótipos já foram clonados e seqüenciados. A infecçäo apresenta distribuiçäo mundial, sendo a regiäo ocidental da Amazônia brasileira considerada área de alta endemicidade. Estima-se que 18 milhöes de pessoas encontram-se infectadas pelo vírus entre os 350 milhöes de portadores crônicos do VHB no mundo. As vias de transmissäo do VHD e os fatores de risco mostram-se similares aos da infecçäo pelo VHB. O diagnóstico se faz pela identificaçäo imuno-histológica do HDAg no fígado e pelo encontro das fraçöes IgM e IgG anti-HD no soro por radioimunoensaio ou ELISA. O curso clínico da infecçäo pelo VHD mostra-se variável. Os pacientes podem apresentar formas fulminantes de hepatite. As formas crônicas associam-se a achados histopatológicos graves no fígado, com curso rápido e progressivo, evoluindo para cirrose, insuficiência hepática e morte. O interferon alfa constitui a única opçäo terapêutica com algum efeito benéfico no tratamento da hepatite. O transplante hepático encontra indicaçäo nos casos terminais de cirrose. A profilaxia indireta da infecçäo pelo VHD tornou-se possível com o advento da vacina contra o vírus da hepatite B


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis D , Hepatitis D/diagnosis , Hepatitis D/drug therapy , Hepatitis D/epidemiology , Hepatitis D/transmission , Hepatitis D/virology
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 129(5): 523-30, mayo 2001. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-295254

ABSTRACT

Background: Sanitary and socioeconomic changes and the identification of new causative virus, have changed the epidemiology of hepatitis in Chile. Aim: To study the natural history of acute hepatitis caused by virus A, E and non A-E in Chilean adults. Patients and methods: A special study protocol was followed for patients with a clinical picture of acute hepatitis. Anti HAV IgM, anti HBc IgM, anti HEV IgG and IgM and Anti HCV antibodies were determined by ELISA. Results: Fifty nine patients (30 male), aged 15 to 58 years old were studied. Eighty nine percent had jaundice and 50 to 70 percent had malaise and abdominal pain. Virus A was positive in 80 percent, virus E in 7 percent. In 14 percent of patients, all viral markers were negative. The evolution was typical in 78 percent, biphasic in 14 percent and cholestatic in 5 percent. One patient had a prolonged and one a fulminant course. Mean ALT was 1148 U/l and mean total bilirubin was 5.5 mg/dl. Seventy three percent of cases occurred during early winter and spring and 27 percent during summer and early autumm. Conclusions: The main etiology of acute viral hepatitis in Chile is virus A and most cases occur during the rainy season. Clinical features of hepatitis non A-E are similar to enteral transmission forms


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Hepatitis E/epidemiology , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Hepatitis D/transmission , Hepatitis D/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Hepatitis E/transmission , Hepatitis C/transmission , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis A/transmission , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
8.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 73(6): 367-76, nov.-dez. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-211797

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: os autores apresentaram uma revisäo dos diferentes tipos de hepatite viral na infância. Säo discutidos, com ênfase especial, os aspectos clínicos-laboratoriais e evolutivos das formas mais freqüentes da doença. Métodos: Foram selecionados, através de Medline, os artigos mais significativos publicados nos últimos anos sobre hepatite viral na infância. As características epidemiológicas säo discutidas, sempre que possível, levando em conta dados brasileiros. Resultados: A presente revisäo analisa as hepatites causadas por agentes que têm em comum a origem viral e o hepatotropismo mas que determinam doenças com diferenças marcantes sobretudo quanto a evoluçäo e prognóstico. Em relaçäo ao vírus B, por exemplo o paciente pode apresentar desde um simples estado de portador até hepatite aguda, hepatite crônica, cirrose...


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Flaviviridae , Hepatitis A , Hepatitis A/diagnosis , Hepatitis A/therapy , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B/therapy , Hepatitis D , Hepatitis D/diagnosis , Hepatitis D/transmission , Hepatitis E , Hepatitis E/mortality , Hepatitis E/transmission , Hepatitis, Viral, Human , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology , Hepatitis Antigens , Immunologic Tests , Vaccines
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